December 22, 2024

DealBook: Executive at Goldman Is Retiring

Revolving Door
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David A. Viniar, Goldman's chief financial officer, at a Senate panel in 2010.Charles Dharapak/Associated PressDavid A. Viniar, Goldman’s chief financial officer, at a Senate panel in 2010.

Goldman Sachs introduced on Tuesday what may be the first of the next generation of leaders to run the storied Wall Street firm, saying that its longtime chief financial officer, David A. Viniar, would retire at the end of January and be replaced by Harvey M. Schwartz, a 48-year-old executive.

The departure of Mr. Viniar, 57, holds greater significance for Goldman than would the departure of a chief financial officer from any other Wall Street bank. Both inside and outside of Goldman, many consider Mr. Viniar to be the bank’s most valuable executive, a financial wizard and deft risk manager with a mastery of Goldman’s complex balance sheet.

Though not as well known as Lloyd C. Blankfein, the bank’s chief executive, Mr. Viniar has played a central role in navigating Goldman through a tumultuous period. He has served as C.F.O. since 1999, the year of Goldman’s initial public offering, and helped manage the bank, largely with success, through the global financial crisis.

Mr. Viniar, who began his career at Goldman in 1980, had been telling colleagues for the last year that he was looking for an appropriate time to move on.

Harvey Schwartz, the new chief financial officer at Goldman Sachs.Goldman SachsHarvey Schwartz, the new chief financial officer at Goldman Sachs.

Analysts said the departure of Mr. Viniar, who was viewed by analysts and investors as a source of stability for Goldman, indicated that the bank’s leadership believed it had put one of the most challenging times in its history behind it. And it will likely spur further speculation about who will replace Mr. Blankfein, Goldman’s chief executive since 2006. Mr. Blankfein, who will turn 58 on Thursday, has said he has no plans to retire.

“Any significant positioning of the firm’s capital over the years has been done with David in the driver’s seat,” said Roger Freeman, an analyst with Barclays. “But the acute crisis-management period that Goldman recently went through has drawn to a close, so this is a good time for him to step aside.”

Mr. Schwartz will take over the C.F.O. post during a moment of relative calm for Goldman. Though the economic environment remains uncertain, the markets have steadied. The bank has digested many of the post-financial-crisis regulatory changes, and has put many of its regulatory woes behind it, including paying $550 million to settle accusations by securities regulators that it misled investors in its sale of mortgage securities. The Justice Department recently notified Goldman that it would not face criminal prosecution.

Mr. Viniar’s role has stretched beyond the traditional C.F.O. functions. All administrative units at the bank — operations, technology and finance — report to him. He will become a member of the bank’s board of directors upon his retirement.

He played an important role in drastically reducing the firm’s exposure to the housing market in the period leading up to the global financial crisis. Mr. Viniar also helped oversee the huge bet that Goldman placed against the mortgage-securities market, a wager that he would later refer to in an e-mail to Goldman’s president, Gary Cohn, as “the big short.”

That trade, which earned Goldman huge profits, became the focus of controversy. The bank said the negative bet was a merely a hedge against its exposure to the housing market. But lawmakers accused Goldman of deceiving clients by selling them mortgage-backed securities while simultaneously betting against the mortgage market. In 2010, Mr. Viniar and his colleagues were forced to testify before Congress about the firm’s conduct.

Mr. Schwartz, a New Jersey native, joined Goldman in 1997 after spending the early part of his Wall Street career at Citigroup. He earned his bachelor’s degree from Rutgers and an M.B.A. from Columbia University.

Affable and brawny, Mr. Schwartz has spent most of his Goldman career working with clients. At Goldman’s investment bank, he advised corporate clients on their financing needs, and then moved over to the securities unit, where he has helped oversee much of the firm’s trading operations, as well as its relationships with large mutual funds and hedge funds.

Several analysts questioned whether Mr. Schwartz had the financial chops for the job. In response, Mr. Viniar pointed out that he himself was not trained as an accountant and had instead relied heavily on his team of controllers and financial managers. And, he added, Mr. Schwartz had a great deal of experience with managing the firm’s risk, a crucial part of the job.

“I have sought Harvey’s advice on risk judgments and market knowledge for a long time, and I know he will be an outstanding chief financial officer,” Mr. Viniar said.

Tuesday’s announcement put an end to speculation over Mr. Viniar’s replacement. Goldman traditionally promotes its homegrown talent rather than hiring from outside the bank. Two of Mr. Viniar’s lieutenants — the treasurer, Elizabeth Beshel Robinson, and the chief accounting officer, Sarah Smith — were also seen as candidates for the post.

Mike Mayo, an analyst, noted on Tuesday that while Mr. Viniar was leaving Goldman in strong financial shape, the bank’s stock was still relatively low. During an analyst call, he asked if Mr. Viniar planned to sell any of his prodigious stock holdings — he owns about $225 million worth of Goldman shares, according to the bank’s last proxy statement — at these levels.

“I will continue to be a large stockholder for many years to come,” Mr. Viniar said. “As C.F.O., Harvey will be able to get the stock price higher than I have been able to.”

Article source: http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/09/18/goldmans-longtime-c-f-o-to-retire/?partner=rss&emc=rss

DealBook: JAL Aims to Raise $8.5 Billion in I.P.O.

Japan Airlines, also known as JAL, at Narita Airport.Tomohiro Ohsumi/Bloomberg NewsAn aircraft owned by Japan Airlines, also known as JAL, at Narita Airport.

TOKYO — Japan Airlines on Monday set the price of its initial public offering at a level that could value the bailed-out carrier at 663 billion yen ($8.5 billion), setting the stage for the world’s second-largest I.P.O this year after that of Facebook.

After robust investor demand, particularly from retail investors, JAL will seek a price of 3,790 yen a share, the airline said in a news release.

The figure is at the top of a range the carrier set last week. JAL’s shares will start trading on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange, reserved for large companies, on Sept. 19, the airline added.

The offering would nearly double the 350 billion yen investment that a state-backed fund made in the carrier after it went bankrupt in 2010. The fund, the Enterprise Turnaround Initiative Corporation of Japan, plans to sell its 96.5 percent stake in JAL in the I.P.O., netting a $4 billion profit.

JAL has emerged from its 2010 bankruptcy as a smaller, leaner airline.

It eliminated a third of its workforce, pared back pensions, dropped unprofitable routes and downsized its fleet from jumbo jets to midsize planes.

JAL’s finances have since become the envy of the global airline industry. For the fiscal year that ended in March, JAL booked a net profit of 187 billion yen, more than six times that of its domestic rival All Nippon Airlines.

Despite enthusiasm for JAL’s return to the stock market, prospects for the former flagship carrier are not necessarily bright in the cut-throat global aviation industry.

The changes made by JAL have made the carrier more efficient, though they have also left it hardly able to compete with larger rivals like Emirates or Singapore Airlines.

JAL, based in Tokyo, has also mostly missed out on the surge in low-cost carrier traffic in Asia. The airline made its foray into that fast-growing market just two months ago with JetStar Japan, a joint venture with Qantas Airways.

Meanwhile, the airline’s turnaround benefited from a write-down of its fleet, government-arranged debt waivers and a $4.5 billion tax credit allowing JAL to offset corporate tax for nine more years.

Those measures sparked intense criticism from its rival, ANA, which has lobbied the government to level the playing field by prioritizing ANA over JAL in future landing slot allocations. If ANA is successful, JAL could lose out further in air traffic.

In a reflection of the uncertainties ahead, JAL, now led by a former pilot, Yoshiharu Ueki, forecasts an almost 30 percent drop in profit for the current year to March. The shaky outlook could eventually put pressure on its share price, especially if investors look to book short-term profits.

According to JAL’s statement on Monday, the airline is issuing 175 million shares, of which 131.25 million have been allocated to Japanese investors and the remaining 43.74 million to investors overseas.

Article source: http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/09/10/jal-to-raise-8-5-billion-in-i-p-o/?partner=rss&emc=rss

DealBook: Santander Seeks $4.2 Billion I.P.O. of Its Mexican Unit

A Santander branch in downtown Mexico City.Tomas Bravo/ReutersA Santander branch in downtown Mexico City.

LONDON – Banco Santander of Spain said on Tuesday that it was looking to raise as much as $4.2 billion through the initial public offering of its Mexican unit.

The listing would be one of the largest I.P.O.’s ever in Mexico, and comes as the country’s economy continues to grow on the back of strong local demand. At the same time, American depository receipts of the unit would list on the New York Stock Exchange.

Santander, based in Madrid, is planning to sell as much as 24.9 percent of Grupo Financiero Santander México, and has set the price range of 29.00 pesos ($2.20) to 33.50 pesos a share, according to a regulatory filing released on Tuesday. Around 20 percent of the shares would be offered to Mexican investors, while the remaining stake would be sold to international investors.

The Mexican subsidiary is the country’s fourth largest-bank, based on assets, and had a total of $25 billion of outstanding loans at the end of June.

The Spanish bank said a three-week roadshow for investors would start on Tuesday, and shares in Grupo Financiero Santander México would begin to trade in Mexico and New York by the end of September.

“We want to continue playing a part in the growth of Mexico,” Santander’s chairman, Emilio Botín, said in a statement. “Our goal is to list our most significant subsidiaries within five years,”

Money raised from the listing would help to strengthen Santander’s capital reserves, according to a company statement. The bank has been hurt by a struggling domestic market, which has been buffeted by the European debt crisis.

Santander reported a 93 percent drop in second-quarter profit, to 100 million euros ($126 million), as it set aside more money to cover bad loans in the Spanish market.

Banco Santander, UBS, Bank of America Merrill Lynch and Deutsche Bank are coordinating the I.P.O.

Article source: http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/santander-seeks-4-2-billion-i-p-o-of-its-mexican-unit/?partner=rss&emc=rss

DealBook: S.E.C. Looking at Possible Violations by Exchanges

Facebook executives ring the opening bell on May 18 with Nasdaq chief Robert Greifeld.Zef Nikolla/Facebook, via European Pressphoto AgencyFacebook executives ring the opening bell on May 18 with Nasdaq chief Robert Greifeld.

Nasdaq has blamed Facebook’s botched debut last month on flawed computers and “technical errors.”

Regulators suspect it may be something more. The Securities and Exchange Commission has opened an investigation into the exchange for its role in the initial public offering of Facebook, according to people briefed on the inquiry. Regulators are examining whether Nasdaq failed to properly test its trading systems, which broke down during the I.P.O., and whether the exchange violated rules when it rewrote computer code to jump-start trading.

The Facebook investigation comes after a broader inquiry into trading breakdowns and other problems at the nation’s largest exchanges, including two previously undisclosed cases involving Nasdaq’s archrival, the New York Stock Exchange, the people said.

The agency’s enforcement unit, which has opened more than a dozen related cases, is examining whether exchanges lack adequate controls and favor select investors.

As investor confidence in the market wanes, the worry is that missteps by the exchanges are contributing to the dissatisfaction. Since the financial crisis, investors have seen their portfolios erode, prompting them to flee stocks.

“If exchanges have technical problems, that slows capital formation and erodes the confidence,” said Senator Jack Reed, Democrat of Rhode Island, who held a hearing this week on the initial public offering process.

While none of the exchanges has been accused of any wrongdoing and the S.E.C. may never take enforcement action, the crackdown represents a significant shift. Traditionally, the agency has been relatively cozy with the industry, which is increasingly under pressure to produce profits since the exchanges became publicly traded companies.

Along with the threat of enforcement cases, the S.E.C. has stepped up its inspections of exchanges and introduced several measures to improve the safety of the markets. For example, the agency has approved proposals that would help limit volatility in specific stocks, including circuit breakers that would halt trading.

“Cases against exchanges are few and far between, and inevitably a big deal,” said Stephen J. Crimmins, a partner at the law firm KL Gates and a former enforcement official at the S.E.C.

Facebook’s initial public offering highlights the problems facing exchanges — and how regulators are finding their responses lacking.

On May 18, its first day of trading, Facebook got off to a rocky start. Nasdaq delayed the start of trading and later flooded the market with shares, adding to investor trepidation.

Nasdaq’s lack of communication — and at times, lack of contrition — aggravated the situation, according to documents and executives, bankers and regulators. On a May 31 call with the chairwoman of the S.E.C., Mary L. Schapiro, and other officials, Nasdaq’s chief executive expressed confusion about the S.E.C.’s aggressive approach.

“We’re regulators, too,” said the chief executive, Robert Greifeld, adding “we’re all in this together.”

The Facebook debacle comes after a flurry of trading breakdowns. In March, BATS Global Markets canceled its own I.P.O., after its systems faltered. Nasdaq last year halted trading in dozens of stocks amid technical problems.

Such experiences echo the so-called flash crash. On May 6, 2010, the Dow Jones industrial average plummeted more than 700 points in minutes, before recovering shortly thereafter.

In nearly every case, companies blamed technical malfunctions. But regulators say some breakdowns may point to more fundamental issues.

The S.E.C. is also examining whether some exchanges give undue priority to high-frequency trading firms and big institutional investors through its order types and data disclosure.

The New York Stock Exchange is among the most prominent players facing scrutiny from regulators, who have opened two investigations into the Big Board, according to people briefed on the matter who spoke on the condition of anonymity because the cases are not public.

The S.E.C., the people said, is examining whether the New York exchange violated rules by distributing in-depth stock data to paying clients faster than the public received general information. The issue was first discovered in the rubble of the flash crash.

The exchange declined to comment. But people close to the exchange have attributed the problem to unintended technical shortcomings.

The S.E.C., which has penalized the Direct Edge exchange for having “weak internal controls,” is also pursuing the Chicago Board Options Exchange for not properly policing the markets.

In February, BATS Global Markets acknowledged receiving a request from the S.E.C. The agency, a person briefed on the matter said, is examining whether any collaboration between BATS and high-frequency trading firms could hinder competition.

Nasdaq represents one of the most prominent cases.

On the day of Facebook’s debut, its finance team, led by David A. Ebersman, stood on Morgan Stanley’s trading floor surrounded by scores of traders sporting white baseball caps stamped with “Facebook.” While the mood was initially festive, he was growing anxious.

The chief financial officer turned to the bankers: “Why aren’t we starting?” Nearby, a trader clutched phones to his ears, one with a call to another bank, the other to Nasdaq.

At about 11 a.m., Nasdaq said trading would begin in five minutes. After nothing happened, Nasdaq officials phoned S.E.C. trading experts to explain that everything was under control, according to a person briefed on the call.

Nasdaq’s computers were programmed to accept last-second modifications to orders of Facebook shares. When these trades kept piling in, the system reset the price over and over again. Some orders were not executed — or were placed at prices other than the opening bid of $42. Many traders, who usually receive confirmations in seconds, had no idea how many shares they held. “We were flying blind,” said one person at a market-making firm.

The S.E.C. is examining why Nasdaq lacked an action plan for navigating such a crisis, including plans to abort the I.P.O., and whether it failed to follow federal guidelines in running system tests. Nasdaq did run some 400 tests ahead of the Facebook I.P.O., and the company used the system in question for more than five years. Mr. Greifeld has publicly blamed “design flaws” in the system.

Ultimately, Nasdaq overrode the system manually, switching to a backup server. That move, too, has drawn scrutiny. Exchanges must follow their own strict trading procedures. In this case, Nasdaq changed its procedure on the fly without amending its rules. While the exchange may not have followed the letter of the law, a person close to Nasdaq said that the company had previously used the backup system with approval from regulators.

The exchange declined to comment.

Shares started trading at 11:30 a.m., sending brief applause through Morgan Stanley’s trading floor. The Facebook team, which had been hoping for a 5 to 10 percent jump from the offering price of $38, was relieved when it rose. The team headed to Teterboro Airport to fly back to California.

Then at 1:50 p.m., a second wave of confusion ripped through Wall Street. Traders saw an unexpected sell order of roughly 11 million shares. Some wondered whether a big hedge fund had dumped shares. Investors, on the fence about buying, backed off. Others sold. Within minutes, Facebook slipped $2, to roughly $40.

There was no mystery hedge fund seller. As Nasdaq started processing trades backed up in the system, those shares were dumped on the market, according to people with knowledge of the matter. About the same time, some Facebook shares that had ended up in an account at Nasdaq were also sold without warning. The move may have violated Nasdaq’s own rules, which do not explicitly allow the exchange to take a position in the shares of an I.P.O., according to one of the people.

While some analysts have pinned Facebook’s woes on Nasdaq, others have blamed the company and its bankers for being too aggressive on the size and price of the offering.

Facebook shares ended that first day at $38.23, roughly where they started.

Two days later, Mr. Greifeld called the I.P.O. “quite successful” over all and said that technical issues had not affected the price.

Facebook’s management team, which was beginning to grasp the extent of the problems, was livid. Some wondered why Nasdaq had made little effort to keep them apprised on Friday and kept them out of decision-making.

Mr. Greifeld called a senior executive, asking how the exchange could get back into its good graces. The executive erupted. “Bob,” the executive said, “You don’t understand what a hole you’re in.”

Nasdaq soon aggravated the trading woes. The exchange informed traders it might offer “financial accommodation” for claims filed on Monday. Some investors dumped shares, to prove a loss.

In the first hour of Monday trading, Facebook plunged from $38 to less than $34, swiftly wiping out billions of dollars in market value.

Article source: http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/06/21/as-facebook-seeks-answers-s-e-c-investigates-exchanges/?partner=rss&emc=rss

DealBook: Nasdaq Sets Aside $40 Million to Settle Facebook Trading Claims

The Nasdaq OMX Group said on Wednesday that it planned to set aside as much as $40 million to settle disputes by investors over issues caused by technical glitches in Facebook’s initial public offering.

Under the terms of the plan, Nasdaq will make the money available to its member firms, rather than investors directly. About $13.7 million will be paid in cash, pending review by the Securities and Exchange Commission, while the remainder will be credited to member firms to reduce trading costs.

The long-awaited plan is meant to help quell investor anger over the flawed debut of Facebook on May 18. Errors in Nasdaq’s systems first led to delays in setting an opening price for the social networking giant, and then prevented some traders from knowing for hours whether their orders had been confirmed.

For days afterward, investors claimed that they still didn’t know how many Facebook shares they held, while others argued that the technical problems left them holding stock that had quickly plummeted in value on Friday and days afterward.

Nasdaq has claimed that its technical errors had concluded by 1:50 p.m. on the first day of trading, and that it wasn’t responsible for the company’s stock slide past that. But many investors and people involved in the I.P.O. process still claim that the stock market’s errors spooked investors and created a climate of fear that inhibited trading.

To qualify for Nasdaq’s plan, members must prove they were directly harmed by the glitches that erupted before trading started at 11:30 a.m. on the first day of trading.

And the program applies only to certain kinds of trades, including sale orders priced at $42 or less that did not execute or were carried out at lower prices and purchases that were priced at $42 but were not immediately confirmed.

Claims will be evaluated by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.

Nasdaq also said that it had hired I.B.M. to analyze its computer systems in the wake of the Facebook glitches.

Article source: http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/06/06/nasdaq-sets-aside-40-million-to-settle-facebook-trading-claims/?partner=rss&emc=rss

DealBook: CVC Capital Is Said to Have Cut Its Stake in Formula One

A Ferrari at the 2012 Formula One Grand Prix of Spain.Valdrin Xhemaj/European Pressphoto AgencyA Ferrari at the 2012 Formula One Grand Prix of Spain.

The private equity firm CVC Capital, which owns a controlling stake in the company Formula One, is not taking any chances before the racing company’s proposed $3 billion initial public offering.

Over the last five months, CVC has sold a 21 percent stake in Formula One to three investors for a combined $1.6 billion, according to a person with direct knowledge of the matter.

The combined deals, which value the company at over $7 billion, have reduced CVC Capital’s stake in Formula One to 42 percent, from 63 percent. The sale is part of the private equity firm’s effort to reduce its risk ahead of Formula One’s I.P.O., the details of which began to be presented to investors on Tuesday.

The buyers include Waddell Reed, a money manager based in Kansas, which paid $1.1 billion at the start of the year for a 13.9 percent stake in Formula One. The investment management firm BlackRock bought a 2.7 percent share in April for $196 million, the person added, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak publicly about the sale.

Norges Bank Investment Management, the Norwegian sovereign wealth fund, bought a 4.2 percent stake from CVC Capital for $300 million.

The motor racing company, which has focused on Asia as a major growth area, intends to set the final pricing of its offering in mid-June and to have its shares begin to trade in Singapore a week later, according to another person with direct knowledge of the matter.

By selling stakes in Formula One to new investors, CVC Capital also hopes to build momentum for other potential buyers for the I.P.O., according to one of the people with direct knowledge of the matter.

Unlike other companies, Formula One has few similar publicly traded sports franchises that can be used to guide investors on the price of its stock offering.

Formula One employs 200 people and last year recorded revenue of 1.17 billion euros ($1.5 billion), according to a statement on CVC’s Web site. The racing teams will meet at the Monaco Grand Prix this week, which is the most important series race of the year for sponsors and for media exposure during the race weekend.

The lead underwriters on the deal are Morgan Stanley, UBS and Goldman Sachs. The Singaporean lender D.B.S., the C.I.M.B. Group of Malaysia and Banco Santander of Spain also are involved.

Article source: http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/05/22/cvc-capital-is-said-to-have-reduced-its-stake-in-formula-one/?partner=rss&emc=rss

Bits Blog: Google Adds Posts From Its Social Network to Search Results

Google excels at responding to search queries with links to Web pages, but those have become old-fashioned. These days, the company has concluded, Internet users increasingly want to find conversations and photos posted by their friends on the social Web.

On Tuesday, Google plans to take its biggest step yet toward incorporating social networking posts from its Google+ service into its search results.

Google says that the new feature, which it calls Search Plus Your World, is one of the biggest changes it has ever made to its search results. People will see posts and photos from their friends, profiles of their friends when they search people’s names, and conversations occurring on Google+ related to topics they search.

“What you search today is largely written by people you don’t know; we call that the faceless Web,” said Amit Singhal, a Google fellow who oversees search. “Search Plus Your World transforms search and centers it around you.”

Google has risked being shunted aside for failing to get on board with the social Web. Its new offering comes eight years after Facebook started and in the weeks before it is expected to file for an initial public offering, the most eagerly anticipated tech offering since Google went public and what is likely to be the crowning moment for the new social Web.

To keep up, Larry Page, Google’s chief executive, prioritized social networking after high-profile fumbles, like the Buzz social networking service, and tense volleys with Facebook, which does not allow Google to include most of its pages in search results.

Last summer, the company introduced Google+. From the beginning, the idea was not to replace Facebook, but to supply Google with social information that it could use in its other products, mainly search.

Search Plus Your World is the result of that. When Google users are logged into a Google service, like Gmail, their search results will show posts from people they have included in their circles on Google+.

For instance, for most users, a search for “chikoo” would show links and photos of an Indian fruit. But for friends of Mr. Singhal, it would also show photos and posts about his dog, who is named Chikoo. A search for a sports team would show, in addition to the usual links, conversations about the team among a user’s friends on Google+.

People only see personal posts if they have access to those posts on Google+, either because the posts are public, or because they have chosen to include the person who posted the items in a Google+ circle and the person has shared the items with them.

In addition, when people search for a name, Google will automatically suggest people who are friends with the person on Google+ or prominent people. And when people search for general topics, like “music” or “cooking,” Google will show related Google+ conversations on the right-hand side of search results.

Google users can click a link on the search results page to see only personal posts, or to turn off the new feature and see only the standard search results. For users who are signed in to Google, all search results will be encrypted using a secure connection.

Users who are not on Google+ will see items they have shared with Google, like photos they have uploaded to its Picasa service, and items posted publicly on Google+ by people that Google assumes they know because they communicate with them on Gmail, for instance.

Google+ has its fair share of spam-like comments and uninteresting posts. Mr. Singhal said Google has created algorithms to only show the most relevant posts in search results. For example, it guesses how close a user is to a friend on Google+ based on how often they communicate and which of a user’s circles are most relevant to them based on how often they contact people in the circles.

“Our job is to provide relevant suggestions, and just because someone is discussing something on Google+, if it’s not prominent enough, we don’t want to bring it to the search results page,” Mr. Singhal said.

What if spam-like Google+ posts written by a friend still make their way to search results? “Then you have to re-evaluate being friends with him,” Mr. Singhal said.

Article source: http://feeds.nytimes.com/click.phdo?i=9876f623fdef11778b75916b8e09ffbc

DealBook: Live from San Francisco, Zynga Rises 10% On Debut

Zynga, the online gaming company, kicked off its first day of trading with the usual fanfare.

At the San Francisco headquarters, decorated with massive red banners, founder Mark Pincus rang in the opening bell, flanked by his teary-eyed wife Ali and the Nasdaq chief Robert Greifeld. Before a packed room of employees and investors, he motioned to “raise the roof,” in celebration of the initial public offering.

“We brought the Nasdaq here,” said Mr. Pincus, 45. “With our I.P.O. we’re accelerating this mission of connecting the world through games, it’s just getting bigger.”

But the market debut lacked the same pomp.

At the opening, Zynga’s shares rose a modest 10 percent, to $11, and then quickly pulled back. The stock is currently trading at $9.30, below its offering price.

Zynga’s weak performance reflects the broader market for initial public offerings. Newly public technology stocks have been buffeted by macroeconomic turmoil and jittery investors, who remain skeptical about the business models.

Several Internet companies have stumbled below their offering. Pandora remains more than a third off its initial price. Nexon, the Zynga of Asia, fell on its first day of trading this week.

Earlier in the year, investors had high expectations for start-ups. On the first day of trading, the 42 technology companies that went public this year jumped 20.4 percent on average, according to data from Renaissance Capital, the I.P.O. Advisory firm. But they have since struggled, with the group falling 15 percent.

Zynga’s trajectory has followed a similar path. In early summer, insiders pegged the market value of the social gaming company at nearly $20 billion. At its offering price, Zynga, which raised $1 billion, went public a more muted $7 billion.

“Raising $1 billion is a large number, particularly in these choppy equity markets where investors seem to be hesitant to take on much risk,” said Peter Falvey, a managing director of Morgan Keegan’s technology group. But “there clearly isn’t a rush to get into the stock at these valuations.”

Zynga’s executives brushed aside Friday’s tepid reception, calling it an insignificant data point in the context of the company’s grander goals. John Schappert, Zynga’s chief operating officer, said he had no regrets about the timing or the structure of the offering, which, at 14 percent of total shares, was bigger than other tech I.P.O.s this year.

“We’re not looking at it today or tomorrow, or what we could have squeezed out.” Mr. Schappert said. “We’re looking at the long run.”

In the coming months, Zynga will be a critical test for the fragile market. Traders are closely watching the stock to get a sense of how Facebook will fare, when it goes public next year. The social network giant is widely expected to go public in the second quarter of 2012, at a market value greater than $100 billion.

Financially, the game maker is on better footing than many of its unprofitable Internet peers. The company recorded earnings of $30.7 million for the first nine months of this year, on revenue of $828.9 million. Zynga’s is also the largest gaming company on Facebook, with some 222 million monthly users.

But Zynga also has its fair share of skeptics. User growth has slowed in recent quarters, while marketing spend remains high. Zynga spent $122 million on marketing and sales for the first nine months of the year, more than all of 2010. There is also lingering concerns about Zynga’s dependence on Facebook, despite efforts to build out its mobile games and an independent platform.

The headwinds, for now, don’t seem to bother Zynga’s early venture capital backers, many of whom only plan to sell a small amount of shares, if any, in the offering. John Doerr, a partner at Kleiner Perkins Caufield Byers — Zynga’s second largest shareholder — said he felt giddy this morning, heading over to the game maker’s headquarters before sunrise.

“Five, ten years from now, we’ll look back at this moment and think it was just the beginning,” said Mr. Doerr, who has backed companies like Google and Amazon. “This is the beginning of the second Internet boom.”

Article source: http://feeds.nytimes.com/click.phdo?i=5a0e82476554fddb94a1a441d7395f49

DealBook: Kors I.P.O. Makes Its Debut in Style

Michael Kors and his mother in front of the New York Stock Exchange.Richard Drew/Associated PressThe fashion designer Michael Kors and his mother in front of the New York Stock Exchange.

Michael Kors and his merry band of fashionistas brought a little glamor — and a big initial public offering — to the New York Stock Exchange on Thursday morning.

A flashy Michael Kors billboard was draped across the Corinthian columns on the N.Y.S.E. building’s facade. Down on the street, Mr. Kors and his proud mother, Joan Kors, posed for pictures, both sporting December tans, sunglasses and huge smiles. Inside, at 9:30 a.m., high above the trading floor, Mr. Kors rang the opening bell, high-fiving and hugging his chief executive, John Idol, and two fashion-tycoon backers, Lawrence Stroll and Silas K.F. Chou.

There was good reason to celebrate. In the face of a rocky stock market, the American fashion designer’s company had a successful initial public offering. It shares opened at $25 on Thursday morning, up 20 percent from their offering price of $20. The stock priced last night above its expected range of $17 to $19, and brought in $944 million for Mr. Kors and the other selling shareholders. The company itself did not raise any money in the I.P.O.

Mr. Kors sold about $117 million worth of stock on the deal, and maintains a roughly 8.6 percent stake that is worth some $400 million. The biggest winners are Mr. Stroll and Mr. Chou, who cashed in about $520 million worth of their holding company’s shares and still own about 35 percent of the business, a position worth about $1.7 billion.

At its current stock price, the company is worth about $4.6 billion.

In the DealBook article on Wednesday that previewed Kors’s offering, a retail-industry analyst raised several concerns about the I.P.O., including the question of whether Mr. Kors’s label would enter the fashion firmament or eventually fade. “Everyone wants to be the next Ralph Lauren,” the analyst said.

Because Mr. Kors has already sold so much of his business to outside investors, he will not be the next Ralph Lauren — at least in terms of his bank account. Unlike Mr. Kors, Mr. Lauren has retained control of his 44-year-old company through voting shares, and has rarely sold stock. Last year, Mr. Lauren sold nearly $1 billion worth of Ralph Lauren preferred shares, by far his largest cash-out ever. His ownership interest in the company, which has a market value of $12.5 billion, is worth more than $4 billion.

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DealBook: Citigroup to Sell Last of Its Stake in Primerica

Damon Winter/The New York TimesSanford I. Weill, whose Primerica acquired Travelers, which merged with Citicorp in 1998.

Citigroup‘s longstanding relationship with the life insurance company Primerica is coming to an end, as the bank prepares to sell the last of its remaining shares in the firm it took public last year.

The bank “has commenced a public offering of approximately 8 million shares of Primerica’s common stock, representing all of the remaining shares beneficially owned by Citigroup immediately following Primerica’s initial public offering,” according to a statement by Primerica on Tuesday.

Primerica, based in Georgia, was a keystone of the plan Sanford I. Weill, Citigroup’s former chief executive and chairman, came up with to create a global financial supermarket. But after the financial crisis, as the bank was badly battered and scrambling to spin off noncore assets, Citigroup’s chief executive, Vikram S. Pandit, decided to take Primerica public, an offering that raised $320.4 million and left the bank holding approximately 40 percent of the company’s shares.

Last month, Citigroup further diluted its stake in Primerica to about 12.5 percent, allowing nearly 9 million of its shares to be repurchased by the company at a price of $22.42 a share. The latest offering of about eight million shares is being run by Citigroup Global Markets, with the proceeds going to a subsidiary of Citigroup, Primerica said in its statement.

Primerica’s largest shareholder is now Warburg Pincus, the private equity firm, which controls approximately 22 percent of the company’s shares.

Primerica’s stock was down about 6 percent in premarket trading on Tuesday.

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