May 6, 2024

Frequent Flier: Depending on the Kindness of Strangers, and Finding Them Generous

The foundation works with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but we’re an independent nonprofit organization created by Congress. We build partnerships and find resources to help the C.D.C. do its work faster and more flexibly. So most of my travel is bridge-building between donor programs and the C.D.C., or maybe I’ll fly out with an expert who will talk to people about chronic disease prevention or stopping the next pandemic.

Because I’ve been flying for so long, I remember when flying was glamorous. I would sit in this huge, comfortable seat in coach, and once the regional airline I flew held a wine-tasting on my trip from St. Louis to the District of Columbia. Now, like everyone else, I’m lucky if I get a cracker on a flight. But I enjoy flying and have never lost the appreciation of sliding up through dark clouds into sunshine.

Because I usually try to work on flights, I don’t talk to seatmates much. If someone starts a conversation, I’m polite. People are always curious about the C.D.C., and I always find it interesting when people start talking about movies like “Outbreak” or “Contagion” in which there is some C.D.C. connection. People loved “Outbreak,” but were more uncomfortable with “Contagion,” which is more realistic.

I travel to many countries, and I was just in Turkey. Through education and partnerships, including one with the C.D.C., fewer people in that country now use tobacco. I was there during the protests, which started to turn violent. I took a taxi back to the hotel after a ceremony I attended. We went down a lot of alleys to avoid the protesters, and I’m sure I saw parts of Istanbul few tourists have ever seen.

Given a chance, most people want to help someone, and it’s always reassuring to find just how good people can be, especially on a business trip.

Several weeks after Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, I flew to Gulfport, Miss., to meet with emergency response officials from the State Health Department. I had reservations to fly to Baton Rouge, La., for similar meetings. The Mississippi meetings went well, but downed trees and detours made it difficult to get back to the airport. I missed my flight to Baton Rouge and was desperately searching for a one-way rental car so I could make the drive.

Neither of the first two rental companies was willing to release one of the few vehicles in their inventory for a one-way trip. The representative at the third and last option apologized, but said no one-way rentals were available, either. But as I turned to leave, another gentleman behind the counter, who was the manager, told me to have a seat, and a few minutes later came back to tell me that although he couldn’t release a one-way vehicle, he would assign one of his employees to drive me the 140 miles to Baton Rouge. That employee would then return with the car.

Despite the commitment of a car, fuel and six hours of his employee’s time, he refused to accept any payment. By 11 p.m., I arrived in Baton Rouge at the home of a friend of a friend, who earlier in the day said, “My wife and I will be asleep when you arrive. Just take the last bedroom at the end of the hall.” I had never met this couple before, and to be honest I was blown away by everyone’s generosity.

By Charlie Stokes, as told to Joan Raymond. E-mail: joan.raymond@nytimes.com.

Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/25/business/depending-on-the-kindness-of-strangers.html?partner=rss&emc=rss

Advertising: Aiming Autism Ads at Hispanic and African-American Parents

The campaign, developed with the Advertising Council, which has worked with Autism Speaks since 2005, was created by the New York office of BBDO and LatinWorks of Austin, Tex., both part of the Omnicom Group. The campaign describes early signs of autism in detail and encourages parents to take immediate action if their child does not meet standard developmental milestones.

The new campaign is geared specifically at Hispanic and African-American parents because, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the current age of diagnosis among these groups, as well as among low-income families, is higher than that of the general public. According to the C.D.C., although the average age now of diagnosis in the United States is 4 to 5 years, a reliable diagnosis can be made as early as 18 to 24 months. And if the disorder is treated from the ages of 3 to 5, from 20 percent to 50 percent of children with autism will be able to attend mainstream kindergarten, according to studies by The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology and The Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.

Autism is the fastest-growing serious developmental disorder in the United States. According to a study released last year by the C.D.C., in 2008, one in 88 children was diagnosed with autism by a doctor or other medical professional, a 78 percent increase over 2002. For boys, the ratio was one in 54.

Dr. Geraldine Dawson, chief science officer of Autism Speaks, said the increase in autism diagnoses was partly because of a broadening of the definition of the disorder. She also said environmental risk factors probably affected the increase.

Autism Speaks, founded in 2005 by Bob Wright, former chairman of NBCUniversal, and his wife, Suzanne, whose grandson has autism, took a different tack than before with the new Ad Council campaigns. Messages of previous campaigns, also created by BBDO, focused on the numerical odds of children being found to have autism, some with celebrities whose children have autism.

Peggy Conlon, president and chief executive of the Ad Council, said previous advertising had effectively increased awareness among the general public about the early signs of autism and encouraged parents to speak to their doctors about their children. The new campaign features “realistic situations parents will identify with. I believe they will help more minority parents speak to their doctors if they see the signs and get their children the intervention they need,” she said. So far, autism ads have run in donated time and space worth more than $350 million.

Liz Feld, president of Autism Speaks, also said there were “cultural barriers to diagnosis and cultural barriers to access to care among minority communities. We wanted to break down these barriers.”

New print and outdoor advertising features photos that zoom in on the eyes and mouth of infants. One ad says, “You think something may be wrong. The answer is not staring you in the face. Avoiding eye contact is one early sign of autism. Learn the others today at autismspeaks.org/signs. Early diagnosis can make a lifetime of difference.”

Another ad, featuring the closed eye and eyelashes of an infant, asks, “How can a 12-month-old keep you up at night without ever making a sound? No babbling is one early sign of autism,” while a third ad, showing an infant’s mouth, says, “It’s been nearly six months without any big smiles. For either of you. No big, joyful smiles is one early sign of autism.”

TV ads, made in 15- and 30-second versions, show parents and infants. In all cases, the parents offer a variety of excuses for the child’s behavior, like “maybe he’s not a smiler” or “maybe he needs more stimulation.” All spots end with the voice-over saying, “Maybe is all you need to find out more about autism.”

Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/business/media/aiming-autism-ads-at-hispanic-and-african-american-parents.html?partner=rss&emc=rss

Public-Private Effort Seeks to Expedite Discovery of Autism Drugs

Under a contract with the institute, U.C.L.A. will form a network of researchers at other academic centers that will try to identify promising new and older drug compounds quickly, and conduct early tests to see if they merit additional investment.

The program, part of the “Fast Fail” initiative at the institute, aims to determine within weeks whether a drug works, rather than the years it traditionally takes to evaluate a new drug.

“The whole idea is just getting much better in these early phases at identifying drugs that are going to be efficacious and safe, and thereby greatly speeding the development of effective new therapies and reducing the overall cost,” said Dr. James McCracken, who is leading the effort at U.C.L.A. as director of the division of child and adolescent psychiatry at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior.

The number of diagnosed cases of autism, Asperger’s syndrome and related disorders in children has been growing in recent years, largely because of increased awareness. A recent report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Health Resources and Services Administration concluded that one in 50 children aged 6 to 17 had been found to have autism or a related disorder, a 72 percent increase since 2007.

Although more cases are being diagnosed, no drugs are approved to treat the core symptoms of the disorders, which are characterized by delays in developing effective communication and social skills. Other drugs often prescribed to people with the disorders treat difficult behaviors like aggressiveness, hyperactivity and irritability.

Dr. McCracken said developing effective treatments had been difficult because the underlying causes were poorly understood until the last few years, and some prominent efforts had failed. In 2004, the experimental drug secretin, developed by RepliGen, did not show that it worked in an advanced clinical trial, disappointing parents of children with autism who had placed their hopes in the drug.

Several major drug companies, including GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, have scaled back their research in the neurosciences because of the high failure rate, Dr. McCracken said.

Developing drugs to treat neurological disorders is difficult, in part because brain science is still evolving. The field is littered with drugs that scientists had hoped would be effective against diseases like Alzheimer’s and schizophrenia but that performed poorly in clinical trials.

Despite the setbacks, scientific advances in understanding the genetic underpinnings of autism have accelerated, leaving the door open for new drug discoveries, said Robert H. Ring, vice president of translational research at Autism Speaks, a patient advocacy group.

“Autism spectrum disorder is the brave new world of medicine development, and most companies out there — despite a lot of the retraction you’re seeing — they do recognize autism as a clear area of opportunity,” said Mr. Ring, who serves on a committee that helps select which compounds the U.C.L.A. program will test.

Some companies are pursuing treatments. Seaside Therapeutics, a private company in Cambridge, Mass., is developing drugs to treat autism and a form of mental retardation known as fragile X syndrome in a partnership with Roche.

“The approach that people have taken over the years is, ‘This person looks anxious, I’ll give them a drug I use to treat anxiety,’ ” said Dr. Randall L. Carpenter, a co-founder of Seaside and its chief executive. “We hope to treat the underlying molecular abnormality.”

Dr. McCracken said the program would identify four to eight compounds and run them through small trials in humans, testing how the drugs are absorbed and how they affect brain wave patterns that scientists say they believe are linked to autism.

“It’s taken a really long time to kind of crack open and begin to understand part of the disorder of brain biology that underpins autism,” Dr. McCracken said. “This is, to me, the most exciting time because we understand so much more than we did even five or 10 years ago.”

Article source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/25/business/public-private-effort-seeks-to-expedite-discovery-of-autism-drugs.html?partner=rss&emc=rss