They didn’t realize it, but they were about to take the first step toward popping a bubble in global commodities prices.
Worried about the speculative run-up and the increased volatility of the silver market, the officials concluded that it was time to raise the amount of money that buyers and sellers had to put down as collateral to guarantee their trades. The first increase in so-called margin requirements took hold the next day, effectively making it more expensive for speculators and other kinds of traders to play in the market.
But the price kept going up, reaching nearly $50 a troy ounce on April 28. Over the next week or so, the exchange decided to raise collateral requirements even higher, in four more steps that would kick in every couple of days.
Silver prices finally halted their ascent — and went into free fall. Last Thursday, the rout spread to a wide range of commodities, including coffee, cotton and oil, as investors looked at silver’s plunge, as well as global interest rate trends and other economic news, and concluded that the yearlong boom in commodities prices was ending.
“The tremors felt in silver started reverberating throughout the entire commodity patch,” said Richard J. Feltes, vice president of research of R. J. O’Brien, a large commodities broker. Silver ended the week down 27 percent. Crude oil was down 15 percent, and most other commodities also fell significantly.
The futures exchanges have been struggling for months to cope with the challenges posed by rapid price increases and head-snapping volatility in many commodities. Those who rely on the commodity exchanges to hedge risks in their businesses, like farmers, food makers and mining companies, have complained that increased betting by speculators has made it much more difficult for them to use the markets.
Besides changing margin requirements, exchanges are taking other steps in reaction to the volatility. The InterContinental Exchange, a rival to the CME Group, is using computer programs to make the markets more efficient by better matching buy and sell orders in sugar and other commodities. It is also looking at strengthening various types of circuit breakers to halt or slow trading during volatile periods.
Some players in the markets say the exchanges use margin requirements to actively push down prices. But the exchanges say they are not price-setting tools.
Kimberly S. Taylor, president of CME Clearing, which processes transactions in silver futures and other commodities, said the recent margin changes in silver were intended to reduce risk for investors and the exchange.
The market’s measure of volatility in silver had been rising precipitously. “That is a very good indication that losses they will suffer day-to-day tomorrow are higher than losses they suffered in the past,” Ms. Taylor said.
As prices for commodities go up, exchanges routinely increase the margin requirements, which function as a deposit on contracts bought and sold. When prices move up or down quickly, it increases the possibility that some traders will have to put up more collateral unexpectedly. If they do not have the money, they have to sell their positions.
Silver, which is traded on the CME’s Comex unit in New York, is not the only market where margin requirements were increased recently. CME also raised margin requirements on corn, crude oil, ethanol and other products. The InterContinental Exchange increased cocoa margins in February, March and April, and cotton margins went up twice in February. Margins on the Brent crude oil contract, the benchmark oil traded in London, have increased eight times this year.
In sugar, however, where prices have declined for much of this year after last year’s sharp rise, margins were lowered in March.
CME says it makes margin changes regularly. Silver margins were raised five times and lowered once in 2010, for example. Corn margins were raised 36 percent in one day last October.
Edward Wyatt and Julie Creswell contributed reporting.
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